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			<h1>NPM 使用介绍</h1>
<p>NPM是随同NodeJS一起安装的包管理工具，能解决NodeJS代码部署上的很多问题，常见的使用场景有以下几种：</p>
<ul><li>允许用户从NPM服务器下载别人编写的第三方包到本地使用。
</li><li>
允许用户从NPM服务器下载并安装别人编写的命令行程序到本地使用。
</li><li>
允许用户将自己编写的包或命令行程序上传到NPM服务器供别人使用。</li></ul>
<p>
由于新版的nodejs已经集成了npm，所以之前npm也一并安装好了。同样可以通过输入 <b>"npm -v" </b>来测试是否成功安装。命令如下，出现版本提示表示安装成功:
</p>

<pre>
$ npm -v
2.3.0
</pre>
<p>如果你安装的是旧版本的 npm，可以很容易得通过 npm 命令来升级，命令如下：</p>
<pre>
$ sudo npm install npm -g
/usr/local/bin/npm -&gt; /usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npm-cli.js
npm@2.14.2 /usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm
</pre>
<p>如果是 Window 系统使用以下命令即可：</p>
<pre>
npm install npm -g
</pre>

<blockquote>
<p>使用淘宝镜像的命令：</p>
<pre>
npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npmmirror.com
</pre></blockquote>


<hr>
<h2>使用 npm 命令安装模块</h2>
<p>npm 安装 Node.js 模块语法格式如下：</p>
<pre>
$ npm install &lt;Module Name&gt;
</pre>
<p>以下实例，我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 <b>express</b>:</p>
<pre>
$ npm install express
</pre>
<p>
安装好之后，express 包就放在了工程目录下的 node_modules 目录中，因此在代码中只需要通过 <b>require('express')</b> 的方式就好，无需指定第三方包路径。
</p>
<pre>
var express = require('express');
</pre>
<hr>
<h2>全局安装与本地安装</h2>
<p>
npm 的包安装分为本地安装（local）、全局安装（global）两种，从敲的命令行来看，差别只是有没有-g而已，比如
</p>
<pre>
npm install express          # 本地安装
npm install express -g   # 全局安装
</pre>
<p>如果出现以下错误：</p>
<pre>
npm err! Error: connect ECONNREFUSED 127.0.0.1:8087 
</pre><p>解决办法为：</p><pre>$ npm config set proxy null</pre>
<h3>本地安装</h3>
<ul><li>
1. 将安装包放在 ./node_modules 下（运行 npm 命令时所在的目录），如果没有 node_modules 目录，会在当前执行 npm 命令的目录下生成 node_modules 目录。
</li><li>
2. 可以通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包。
</li></ul>
<h3>
全局安装</h3>
<ul><li>
1. 将安装包放在 /usr/local 下或者你 node 的安装目录。</li><li>
2. 可以直接在命令行里使用。</li>

</ul>
<p>如果你希望具备两者功能，则需要在两个地方安装它或使用 <strong>npm link</strong>。</p> 
<p>接下来我们使用全局方式安装 express</p>
<pre>$ npm install express -g</pre>
<p>安装过程输出如下内容，第一行输出了模块的版本号及安装位置。</p>
<pre>
express@4.13.3 node_modules/express
├── escape-html@1.0.2
├── range-parser@1.0.2
├── merge-descriptors@1.0.0
├── array-flatten@1.1.1
├── cookie@0.1.3
├── utils-merge@1.0.0
├── parseurl@1.3.0
├── cookie-signature@1.0.6
├── methods@1.1.1
├── fresh@0.3.0
├── vary@1.0.1
├── path-to-regexp@0.1.7
├── content-type@1.0.1
├── etag@1.7.0
├── serve-static@1.10.0
├── content-disposition@0.5.0
├── depd@1.0.1
├── qs@4.0.0
├── finalhandler@0.4.0 (unpipe@1.0.0)
├── on-finished@2.3.0 (ee-first@1.1.1)
├── proxy-addr@1.0.8 (forwarded@0.1.0, ipaddr.js@1.0.1)
├── debug@2.2.0 (ms@0.7.1)
├── type-is@1.6.8 (media-typer@0.3.0, mime-types@2.1.6)
├── accepts@1.2.12 (negotiator@0.5.3, mime-types@2.1.6)
└── send@0.13.0 (destroy@1.0.3, statuses@1.2.1, ms@0.7.1, mime@1.3.4, http-errors@1.3.1)
</pre>
<h3>查看安装信息</h3>
<p>你可以使用以下命令来查看所有全局安装的模块：</p>
<pre>
$ npm list -g

├─┬ cnpm@4.3.2
│ ├── auto-correct@1.0.0
│ ├── bagpipe@0.3.5
│ ├── colors@1.1.2
│ ├─┬ commander@2.9.0
│ │ └── graceful-readlink@1.0.1
│ ├─┬ cross-spawn@0.2.9
│ │ └── lru-cache@2.7.3
&hellip;&hellip;
</pre>
<p>如果要查看某个模块的版本号，可以使用命令如下：</p>
<pre>
$ npm list grunt

projectName@projectVersion /path/to/project/folder
└── grunt@0.4.1
</pre>

<hr><h2>使用 package.json</h2>

<p>package.json 位于模块的目录下，用于定义包的属性。接下来让我们来看下 express 包的 package.json 文件，位于 node_modules/express/package.json 内容：</p>
<pre>
{
  "name": "express",
  "description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
  "version": "4.13.3",
  "author": {
    "name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
    "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
  },
  "contributors": [
    {
      "name": "Aaron Heckmann",
      "email": "aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ciaran Jessup",
      "email": "ciaranj@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
      "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guillermo Rauch",
      "email": "rauchg@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jonathan Ong",
      "email": "me@jongleberry.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roman Shtylman",
      "email": "shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Young Jae Sim",
      "email": "hanul@hanul.me"
    }
  ],
  "license": "MIT",
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/strongloop/express.git"
  },
  "homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
  "keywords": [
    "express",
    "framework",
    "sinatra",
    "web",
    "rest",
    "restful",
    "router",
    "app",
    "api"
  ],
  "dependencies": {
    "accepts": "~1.2.12",
    "array-flatten": "1.1.1",
    "content-disposition": "0.5.0",
    "content-type": "~1.0.1",
    "cookie": "0.1.3",
    "cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
    "debug": "~2.2.0",
    "depd": "~1.0.1",
    "escape-html": "1.0.2",
    "etag": "~1.7.0",
    "finalhandler": "0.4.0",
    "fresh": "0.3.0",
    "merge-descriptors": "1.0.0",
    "methods": "~1.1.1",
    "on-finished": "~2.3.0",
    "parseurl": "~1.3.0",
    "path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
    "proxy-addr": "~1.0.8",
    "qs": "4.0.0",
    "range-parser": "~1.0.2",
    "send": "0.13.0",
    "serve-static": "~1.10.0",
    "type-is": "~1.6.6",
    "utils-merge": "1.0.0",
    "vary": "~1.0.1"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "after": "0.8.1",
    "ejs": "2.3.3",
    "istanbul": "0.3.17",
    "marked": "0.3.5",
    "mocha": "2.2.5",
    "should": "7.0.2",
    "supertest": "1.0.1",
    "body-parser": "~1.13.3",
    "connect-redis": "~2.4.1",
    "cookie-parser": "~1.3.5",
    "cookie-session": "~1.2.0",
    "express-session": "~1.11.3",
    "jade": "~1.11.0",
    "method-override": "~2.3.5",
    "morgan": "~1.6.1",
    "multiparty": "~4.1.2",
    "vhost": "~3.0.1"
  },
  "engines": {
    "node": "&gt;= 0.10.0"
  },
  "files": [
    "LICENSE",
    "History.md",
    "Readme.md",
    "index.js",
    "lib/"
  ],
  "scripts": {
    "test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
  },
  "gitHead": "ef7ad681b245fba023843ce94f6bcb8e275bbb8e",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/strongloop/express/issues"
  },
  "_id": "express@4.13.3",
  "_shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
  "_from": "express@*",
  "_npmVersion": "1.4.28",
  "_npmUser": {
    "name": "dougwilson",
    "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
  },
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "tjholowaychuk",
      "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
    },
    {
      "name": "jongleberry",
      "email": "jonathanrichardong@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "dougwilson",
      "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "rfeng",
      "email": "enjoyjava@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "aredridel",
      "email": "aredridel@dinhe.net"
    },
    {
      "name": "strongloop",
      "email": "callback@strongloop.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "defunctzombie",
      "email": "shtylman@gmail.com"
    }
  ],
  "dist": {
    "shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
    "tarball": "http://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz"
  },
  "directories": {},
  "_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz",
  "readme": "ERROR: No README data found!"
}
</pre>
<h3>Package.json 属性说明</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><b>name</b> - 包名。</p></li>
<li><p><b>version</b> - 包的版本号。</p></li>
<li><p><b>description</b> - 包的描述。</p></li>
<li><p><b>homepage</b> - 包的官网 url 。</p></li>
<li><p><b>author</b> - 包的作者姓名。</p></li>
<li><p><b>contributors</b> - 包的其他贡献者姓名。</p></li>
<li><p><b>dependencies</b> - 依赖包列表。如果依赖包没有安装，npm 会自动将依赖包安装在 node_module 目录下。</p></li>
<li><p><b>repository</b> - 包代码存放的地方的类型，可以是 git 或 svn，git 可在 Github 上。</p></li>
<li><p><b>main</b> - main 字段指定了程序的主入口文件，require('moduleName') 就会加载这个文件。这个字段的默认值是模块根目录下面的 index.js。</p></li>
<li><p><b>keywords</b> - 关键字</p></li>
</ul>

<hr>
<h2>卸载模块</h2>
<p>
我们可以使用以下命令来卸载 Node.js 模块。</p>
<pre>
$ npm uninstall express
</pre>
<p>
<p>卸载后，你可以到 /node_modules/ 目录下查看包是否还存在，或者使用以下命令查看：</p><pre>
$ npm ls</pre>
<hr><h2>更新模块</h2>
<p>我们可以使用以下命令更新模块：</p>
<pre>$ npm update express</pre>
<hr>
<h2>搜索模块</h2>
<p>
使用以下来搜索模块：</p>
<pre>
$ npm search express</pre>
<hr>
<h2>创建模块</h2>
<p>创建模块，package.json 文件是必不可少的。我们可以使用 NPM 生成 package.json 文件，生成的文件包含了基本的结果。</p>
<pre>
$ npm init
This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.

See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields
and exactly what they do.

Use `npm install &lt;pkg&gt; --save` afterwards to install a package and
save it as a dependency in the package.json file.

Press ^C at any time to quit.
name: (node_modules) runoob                   # 模块名
version: (1.0.0) 
description: Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)  # 描述
entry point: (index.js) 
test command: make test
git repository: https://github.com/runoob/runoob.git  # Github 地址
keywords: 
author: 
license: (ISC) 
About to write to &hellip;&hellip;/node_modules/package.json:      # 生成地址

{
  "name": "runoob",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)",
  &hellip;&hellip;
}


Is this ok? (yes) yes
</pre>

<p>以上的信息，你需要根据你自己的情况输入。在最后输入 "yes" 后会生成 package.json 文件。</p>
<p> 
接下来我们可以使用以下命令在 npm 资源库中注册用户（使用邮箱注册）：</p>

<pre>
$ npm adduser
Username: mcmohd
Password:
Email: (this IS public) mcmohd@gmail.com
</pre>
<p>接下来我们就用以下命令来发布模块：</p>
<pre>$ npm publish</pre>
<p>如果你以上的步骤都操作正确，你就可以跟其他模块一样使用 npm 来安装。</p>

<hr>
<h2>
版本号
</h2>
<p>
使用 NPM 下载和发布代码时都会接触到版本号。NPM 使用语义版本号来管理代码，这里简单介绍一下。
</p>
<p>
语义版本号分为X.Y.Z三位，分别代表主版本号、次版本号和补丁版本号。当代码变更时，版本号按以下原则更新。
</p>
<ul>
<li>
如果只是修复bug，需要更新Z位。</li><li>

如果是新增了功能，但是向下兼容，需要更新Y位。</li><li>

如果有大变动，向下不兼容，需要更新X位。</li></ul>
<p>
版本号有了这个保证后，在申明第三方包依赖时，除了可依赖于一个固定版本号外，还可依赖于某个范围的版本号。例如"argv": "0.0.x"表示依赖于0.0.x系列的最新版argv。</p>
<p>NPM支持的所有版本号范围指定方式可以查看<a href="https://npmjs.org/doc/files/package.json.html#dependencies">官方文档</a>。
</p>
<hr>
<h2>NPM 常用命令</h2>
<p>
除了本章介绍的部分外，NPM还提供了很多功能，package.json里也有很多其它有用的字段。</p>
<p>除了可以在<a href="https://npmjs.org/doc/">npmjs.org/doc/</a>查看官方文档外，这里再介绍一些NPM常用命令。
</p>
<p>
NPM提供了很多命令，例如install和publish，使用npm help可查看所有命令。
</p>
<ul>
<li><p>NPM提供了很多命令，例如<code>install</code>和<code>publish</code>，使用<code>npm help</code>可查看所有命令。</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用<code>npm help &lt;command&gt;</code>可查看某条命令的详细帮助，例如<code>npm help install</code>。</p>
</li>
<li><p>在<code>package.json</code>所在目录下使用<code>npm install . -g</code>可先在本地安装当前命令行程序，可用于发布前的本地测试。</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用<code>npm update &lt;package&gt;</code>可以把当前目录下<code>node_modules</code>子目录里边的对应模块更新至最新版本。</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用<code>npm update &lt;package&gt; -g</code>可以把全局安装的对应命令行程序更新至最新版。</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用<code>npm cache clear</code>可以清空NPM本地缓存，用于对付使用相同版本号发布新版本代码的人。</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用<code>npm unpublish &lt;package&gt;@&lt;version&gt;</code>可以撤销发布自己发布过的某个版本代码。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="taobaonpm">使用淘宝 NPM 镜像</h2>
<p>由于国内直接使用 npm 的官方镜像是非常慢的，这里推荐使用淘宝 NPM 镜像。</p>
<p>淘宝 NPM 镜像是一个完整 npmjs.org 镜像，你可以用此代替官方版本(只读)，同步频率目前为 10分钟 一次以保证尽量与官方服务同步。</p>
<p>你可以使用淘宝定制的 cnpm (gzip 压缩支持) 命令行工具代替默认的 npm:</p>
<pre>
$ npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npmmirror.com
</pre>
<p>这样就可以使用 cnpm 命令来安装模块了：</p>
<pre>
$ cnpm install [name]
</pre>
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<p>可以先删除以前安装的 node_modules :</p>


<pre>npm cache clean
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